Category of Astronomical Heritage: tangible immovable
The Einstein Tower, Potsdam, Germany
Format: Short Description (ICOMOS-IAU Case Study format)
Presentation
Geographical position - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
Telegrafenberg 1, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
Location - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:18:25
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Latitude 52° 22′ 44″ N, longitude 13° 3′ 50″ E. Elevation 87m above mean sea level.
General description - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2017-11-07 15:13:52
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The Einstein Tower, designed by the Berlin architect Erich Mendelsohn (1857-1953) and built in the early 1920s, is both an astrophysical observatory and a masterpiece of the history of modern architecture in Germany.
Fig. 1. The Einstein Tower (1924) is an astrophysical observatory and also a masterpiece of the history of German architecture designed by Erich Mendelsohn (1857-1953). Photograph © R. Arlt
Brief inventory - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:22:20
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- The tower itself is 20m high. It was constructed between 1920 and 1922, but owing to a lack of modern construction materials after World War I, the tower had to be built with bricks instead of reinforced concrete. As a protection against the wind and heating, a wooden structure was added on the inside of the tower, and this supports the objective lens.
- The instrumentation was installed in 1924. The dome is 4.5 m in diameter and contained the two 85 cm-coelostat mirrors. The lens of 60 cm aperture and 14.50 m focal length produced a solar image 14 cm in diameter. The company Zeiss of Jena was responsible for the instrumentation.
- The cellar contained a room at constant temperature. Here, two high-resolution spectrographs produced solar spectra from red to violet with a length of 12 m. In 1925, a physical-spectrographic laboratory was constructed. This contained a spectral furnace as a comparison light source, an apparatus to produce an electric arc, a photoelectric Registration photometer, an electromagnet and an apparatus for the investigation of the hyperfine structure of emission lines. The instrumentation reached the highest technological standards found anywhere at the time.
History - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
By the beginning of the 20th century, the USA had attained a strong position in the development of astronomy. In Germany, by comparison: there was too much emphasis on classical astronomy instead of modern astrophysics and solar physics; the astronomical instruments in most observatories were not up to date; the climatic conditions and seeing quality were no match for those in California; and there was no possibility of the levels of private financial sponsorship that could be sought in the USA. Yet there was a strong political will to promote science after World War I—the slogan ‘Science as substitute for political power’ was introduced—and in 1920 the “Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft” (NDW) was founded, so that German science flourished in the 1920s despite the political and economic conditions.
The impulse for financing a German solar observatory arose from the spectacular result of the English eclipse expedition in October 1919, which confirmed Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Other attempts to do so having been unsuccessful, the idea was to measure the red shift of spectral lines in the gravitational field of the Sun with a new kind of solar telescope. In fact, this attempt failed too, because the effect on the redshift due to relativity is swamped by other, stronger effects present in the Sun; however, as a consequence of studying all these other effects, the Einstein Tower became the most important solar observatory in the world in the 1920s.
It was renamed in 1933, in the context of the political developments of the Nazi era, becoming the Institute for Solar Physics, but its significance only started to decline as new solar observatories started to be constructed in other countries in the late 1930s. In 1950 Harald von Klüber (1901–1978) succeeded in measuring the general magnetic field of the Sun using photographic methods in the Einstein tower.
Cultural and symbolic dimension - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:24:42
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885-1964), astronomer and architect, gave advice about the instrumentation and Mendelsohn, who was a personal friend of Freundlich’s, was assigned the task of designing the tower. Mendelsohn became fascinated by Einstein’s world of thought and this inspired him to produce novel architectural ideas. He was looking for new architectural forms of expression, which he wanted to achieve with modern materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, and he even designed the office furniture and fixtures. The resulting building, with its gently bulging shapes, is a perfect synthesis between dynamics and functionality and is widely recognised as one of the best examples of explorations in constructivist and expressionist architecture during the 1920s in Central Europe.
As Freundlich himself opined (’Wie es dazu kam, daß ich den Einstein-Turm errichtete‘, Physikalische Blätter 25 (1969), 538-541, p. 541):
The design of the telescope as a tower telescope gave the Einstein Tower its special character and allowed the architect to allocate the building the character of a monument due to the epochal significance of the theory of relativity in the development of physics.
The building design is dynamic, using curved lines and window openings to play around with the verticality of the solar instrument, while the horizontal annexes are softly linked with the surrounding ground surface. It is like a monumental coating—a sort of sculptural/architectural dressing—on the machine. The interior of the tower gives the feeling of a putting the scientific devices ‘on stage’, establishing a deep resonance between modern architecture and cutting-edge science. The Einstein Tower is a remarkable example of osmosis between two very different fields of research—structural design on the one hand and astrophysics on the other. It elegantly expresses human hopes for scientific progress in harmony with the cultural values of society.
Comparative analysis - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:47:13
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
In the 1920s several further solar towers were built, but they mostly had a 30cm aperture; none surpassed the Einstein Tower. The full list is as follows:
Observatory Year Aperture Focal length Solar image Mount Wilson 18m 1907 30cm 18m 5-17cm Mount Wilson 50m 1912 30cm 46m 5-43cm
Utrecht 1922 25cm 13m 7-17cm Potsdam 1922-24 60cm 15m 14-25cm Arcetri 1926 30cm 18m 17cm Pasadena 1926 30cm 5.5m 5-42cm Tokyo 1928 45cm 15m 14-25cm Canberra, Australia 1924-50 30cm 13m 12cm
In terms of architecture, the 19th century and modern period had produced observatories that were neo-classical monuments, frequently repeating the same shape and decorative patterns as civil palaces. The only specific feature of the observatory remained the dome, conceived generally as an associated device for the telescope. In term of design, the dome was frequently a pure hemisphere or something close to it, clearly separated from the vertical walls of annexes. At the Einstein Tower, the dome is completely integrated into the whole structure, and its curves are also present and repeated in the overall shape of the monument.
The Einstein Tower is arguably a rare, and perhaps unique, example of a real creative effort in observatory design, directly related to a new structural style, by a major architect of the time. It brilliantly brings together different sources of creativity and innovation.
Management and use
Present use - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower is still active as a solar observatory.
State of conservation - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Case Study Navigation
- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
Telegrafenberg 1, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
Location - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:18:25
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Latitude 52° 22′ 44″ N, longitude 13° 3′ 50″ E. Elevation 87m above mean sea level.
General description - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2017-11-07 15:13:52
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The Einstein Tower, designed by the Berlin architect Erich Mendelsohn (1857-1953) and built in the early 1920s, is both an astrophysical observatory and a masterpiece of the history of modern architecture in Germany.
Fig. 1. The Einstein Tower (1924) is an astrophysical observatory and also a masterpiece of the history of German architecture designed by Erich Mendelsohn (1857-1953). Photograph © R. Arlt
Brief inventory - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:22:20
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- The tower itself is 20m high. It was constructed between 1920 and 1922, but owing to a lack of modern construction materials after World War I, the tower had to be built with bricks instead of reinforced concrete. As a protection against the wind and heating, a wooden structure was added on the inside of the tower, and this supports the objective lens.
- The instrumentation was installed in 1924. The dome is 4.5 m in diameter and contained the two 85 cm-coelostat mirrors. The lens of 60 cm aperture and 14.50 m focal length produced a solar image 14 cm in diameter. The company Zeiss of Jena was responsible for the instrumentation.
- The cellar contained a room at constant temperature. Here, two high-resolution spectrographs produced solar spectra from red to violet with a length of 12 m. In 1925, a physical-spectrographic laboratory was constructed. This contained a spectral furnace as a comparison light source, an apparatus to produce an electric arc, a photoelectric Registration photometer, an electromagnet and an apparatus for the investigation of the hyperfine structure of emission lines. The instrumentation reached the highest technological standards found anywhere at the time.
History - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
By the beginning of the 20th century, the USA had attained a strong position in the development of astronomy. In Germany, by comparison: there was too much emphasis on classical astronomy instead of modern astrophysics and solar physics; the astronomical instruments in most observatories were not up to date; the climatic conditions and seeing quality were no match for those in California; and there was no possibility of the levels of private financial sponsorship that could be sought in the USA. Yet there was a strong political will to promote science after World War I—the slogan ‘Science as substitute for political power’ was introduced—and in 1920 the “Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft” (NDW) was founded, so that German science flourished in the 1920s despite the political and economic conditions.
The impulse for financing a German solar observatory arose from the spectacular result of the English eclipse expedition in October 1919, which confirmed Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Other attempts to do so having been unsuccessful, the idea was to measure the red shift of spectral lines in the gravitational field of the Sun with a new kind of solar telescope. In fact, this attempt failed too, because the effect on the redshift due to relativity is swamped by other, stronger effects present in the Sun; however, as a consequence of studying all these other effects, the Einstein Tower became the most important solar observatory in the world in the 1920s.
It was renamed in 1933, in the context of the political developments of the Nazi era, becoming the Institute for Solar Physics, but its significance only started to decline as new solar observatories started to be constructed in other countries in the late 1930s. In 1950 Harald von Klüber (1901–1978) succeeded in measuring the general magnetic field of the Sun using photographic methods in the Einstein tower.
Cultural and symbolic dimension - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:24:42
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885-1964), astronomer and architect, gave advice about the instrumentation and Mendelsohn, who was a personal friend of Freundlich’s, was assigned the task of designing the tower. Mendelsohn became fascinated by Einstein’s world of thought and this inspired him to produce novel architectural ideas. He was looking for new architectural forms of expression, which he wanted to achieve with modern materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, and he even designed the office furniture and fixtures. The resulting building, with its gently bulging shapes, is a perfect synthesis between dynamics and functionality and is widely recognised as one of the best examples of explorations in constructivist and expressionist architecture during the 1920s in Central Europe.
As Freundlich himself opined (’Wie es dazu kam, daß ich den Einstein-Turm errichtete‘, Physikalische Blätter 25 (1969), 538-541, p. 541):
The design of the telescope as a tower telescope gave the Einstein Tower its special character and allowed the architect to allocate the building the character of a monument due to the epochal significance of the theory of relativity in the development of physics.
The building design is dynamic, using curved lines and window openings to play around with the verticality of the solar instrument, while the horizontal annexes are softly linked with the surrounding ground surface. It is like a monumental coating—a sort of sculptural/architectural dressing—on the machine. The interior of the tower gives the feeling of a putting the scientific devices ‘on stage’, establishing a deep resonance between modern architecture and cutting-edge science. The Einstein Tower is a remarkable example of osmosis between two very different fields of research—structural design on the one hand and astrophysics on the other. It elegantly expresses human hopes for scientific progress in harmony with the cultural values of society.
Comparative analysis - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:47:13
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
In the 1920s several further solar towers were built, but they mostly had a 30cm aperture; none surpassed the Einstein Tower. The full list is as follows:
Observatory Year Aperture Focal length Solar image Mount Wilson 18m 1907 30cm 18m 5-17cm Mount Wilson 50m 1912 30cm 46m 5-43cm
Utrecht 1922 25cm 13m 7-17cm Potsdam 1922-24 60cm 15m 14-25cm Arcetri 1926 30cm 18m 17cm Pasadena 1926 30cm 5.5m 5-42cm Tokyo 1928 45cm 15m 14-25cm Canberra, Australia 1924-50 30cm 13m 12cm
In terms of architecture, the 19th century and modern period had produced observatories that were neo-classical monuments, frequently repeating the same shape and decorative patterns as civil palaces. The only specific feature of the observatory remained the dome, conceived generally as an associated device for the telescope. In term of design, the dome was frequently a pure hemisphere or something close to it, clearly separated from the vertical walls of annexes. At the Einstein Tower, the dome is completely integrated into the whole structure, and its curves are also present and repeated in the overall shape of the monument.
The Einstein Tower is arguably a rare, and perhaps unique, example of a real creative effort in observatory design, directly related to a new structural style, by a major architect of the time. It brilliantly brings together different sources of creativity and innovation.
Management and use
Present use - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower is still active as a solar observatory.
State of conservation - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
PrintPrint contents of 'Description' tab
(opens in a new window) Theme
Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Case Study Navigation
- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:18:25
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Latitude 52° 22′ 44″ N, longitude 13° 3′ 50″ E. Elevation 87m above mean sea level.
General description - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2017-11-07 15:13:52
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The Einstein Tower, designed by the Berlin architect Erich Mendelsohn (1857-1953) and built in the early 1920s, is both an astrophysical observatory and a masterpiece of the history of modern architecture in Germany.
Fig. 1. The Einstein Tower (1924) is an astrophysical observatory and also a masterpiece of the history of German architecture designed by Erich Mendelsohn (1857-1953). Photograph © R. Arlt
Brief inventory - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:22:20
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- The tower itself is 20m high. It was constructed between 1920 and 1922, but owing to a lack of modern construction materials after World War I, the tower had to be built with bricks instead of reinforced concrete. As a protection against the wind and heating, a wooden structure was added on the inside of the tower, and this supports the objective lens.
- The instrumentation was installed in 1924. The dome is 4.5 m in diameter and contained the two 85 cm-coelostat mirrors. The lens of 60 cm aperture and 14.50 m focal length produced a solar image 14 cm in diameter. The company Zeiss of Jena was responsible for the instrumentation.
- The cellar contained a room at constant temperature. Here, two high-resolution spectrographs produced solar spectra from red to violet with a length of 12 m. In 1925, a physical-spectrographic laboratory was constructed. This contained a spectral furnace as a comparison light source, an apparatus to produce an electric arc, a photoelectric Registration photometer, an electromagnet and an apparatus for the investigation of the hyperfine structure of emission lines. The instrumentation reached the highest technological standards found anywhere at the time.
History - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
By the beginning of the 20th century, the USA had attained a strong position in the development of astronomy. In Germany, by comparison: there was too much emphasis on classical astronomy instead of modern astrophysics and solar physics; the astronomical instruments in most observatories were not up to date; the climatic conditions and seeing quality were no match for those in California; and there was no possibility of the levels of private financial sponsorship that could be sought in the USA. Yet there was a strong political will to promote science after World War I—the slogan ‘Science as substitute for political power’ was introduced—and in 1920 the “Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft” (NDW) was founded, so that German science flourished in the 1920s despite the political and economic conditions.
The impulse for financing a German solar observatory arose from the spectacular result of the English eclipse expedition in October 1919, which confirmed Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Other attempts to do so having been unsuccessful, the idea was to measure the red shift of spectral lines in the gravitational field of the Sun with a new kind of solar telescope. In fact, this attempt failed too, because the effect on the redshift due to relativity is swamped by other, stronger effects present in the Sun; however, as a consequence of studying all these other effects, the Einstein Tower became the most important solar observatory in the world in the 1920s.
It was renamed in 1933, in the context of the political developments of the Nazi era, becoming the Institute for Solar Physics, but its significance only started to decline as new solar observatories started to be constructed in other countries in the late 1930s. In 1950 Harald von Klüber (1901–1978) succeeded in measuring the general magnetic field of the Sun using photographic methods in the Einstein tower.
Cultural and symbolic dimension - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:24:42
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885-1964), astronomer and architect, gave advice about the instrumentation and Mendelsohn, who was a personal friend of Freundlich’s, was assigned the task of designing the tower. Mendelsohn became fascinated by Einstein’s world of thought and this inspired him to produce novel architectural ideas. He was looking for new architectural forms of expression, which he wanted to achieve with modern materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, and he even designed the office furniture and fixtures. The resulting building, with its gently bulging shapes, is a perfect synthesis between dynamics and functionality and is widely recognised as one of the best examples of explorations in constructivist and expressionist architecture during the 1920s in Central Europe.
As Freundlich himself opined (’Wie es dazu kam, daß ich den Einstein-Turm errichtete‘, Physikalische Blätter 25 (1969), 538-541, p. 541):
The design of the telescope as a tower telescope gave the Einstein Tower its special character and allowed the architect to allocate the building the character of a monument due to the epochal significance of the theory of relativity in the development of physics.
The building design is dynamic, using curved lines and window openings to play around with the verticality of the solar instrument, while the horizontal annexes are softly linked with the surrounding ground surface. It is like a monumental coating—a sort of sculptural/architectural dressing—on the machine. The interior of the tower gives the feeling of a putting the scientific devices ‘on stage’, establishing a deep resonance between modern architecture and cutting-edge science. The Einstein Tower is a remarkable example of osmosis between two very different fields of research—structural design on the one hand and astrophysics on the other. It elegantly expresses human hopes for scientific progress in harmony with the cultural values of society.
Comparative analysis - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:47:13
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
In the 1920s several further solar towers were built, but they mostly had a 30cm aperture; none surpassed the Einstein Tower. The full list is as follows:
Observatory Year Aperture Focal length Solar image Mount Wilson 18m 1907 30cm 18m 5-17cm Mount Wilson 50m 1912 30cm 46m 5-43cm
Utrecht 1922 25cm 13m 7-17cm Potsdam 1922-24 60cm 15m 14-25cm Arcetri 1926 30cm 18m 17cm Pasadena 1926 30cm 5.5m 5-42cm Tokyo 1928 45cm 15m 14-25cm Canberra, Australia 1924-50 30cm 13m 12cm
In terms of architecture, the 19th century and modern period had produced observatories that were neo-classical monuments, frequently repeating the same shape and decorative patterns as civil palaces. The only specific feature of the observatory remained the dome, conceived generally as an associated device for the telescope. In term of design, the dome was frequently a pure hemisphere or something close to it, clearly separated from the vertical walls of annexes. At the Einstein Tower, the dome is completely integrated into the whole structure, and its curves are also present and repeated in the overall shape of the monument.
The Einstein Tower is arguably a rare, and perhaps unique, example of a real creative effort in observatory design, directly related to a new structural style, by a major architect of the time. It brilliantly brings together different sources of creativity and innovation.
Management and use
Present use - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower is still active as a solar observatory.
State of conservation - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The Einstein Tower, designed by the Berlin architect Erich Mendelsohn (1857-1953) and built in the early 1920s, is both an astrophysical observatory and a masterpiece of the history of modern architecture in Germany.
Fig. 1. The Einstein Tower (1924) is an astrophysical observatory and also a masterpiece of the history of German architecture designed by Erich Mendelsohn (1857-1953). Photograph © R. Arlt
Brief inventory - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
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Date: 2012-04-30 16:22:20
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- The tower itself is 20m high. It was constructed between 1920 and 1922, but owing to a lack of modern construction materials after World War I, the tower had to be built with bricks instead of reinforced concrete. As a protection against the wind and heating, a wooden structure was added on the inside of the tower, and this supports the objective lens.
- The instrumentation was installed in 1924. The dome is 4.5 m in diameter and contained the two 85 cm-coelostat mirrors. The lens of 60 cm aperture and 14.50 m focal length produced a solar image 14 cm in diameter. The company Zeiss of Jena was responsible for the instrumentation.
- The cellar contained a room at constant temperature. Here, two high-resolution spectrographs produced solar spectra from red to violet with a length of 12 m. In 1925, a physical-spectrographic laboratory was constructed. This contained a spectral furnace as a comparison light source, an apparatus to produce an electric arc, a photoelectric Registration photometer, an electromagnet and an apparatus for the investigation of the hyperfine structure of emission lines. The instrumentation reached the highest technological standards found anywhere at the time.
History - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
By the beginning of the 20th century, the USA had attained a strong position in the development of astronomy. In Germany, by comparison: there was too much emphasis on classical astronomy instead of modern astrophysics and solar physics; the astronomical instruments in most observatories were not up to date; the climatic conditions and seeing quality were no match for those in California; and there was no possibility of the levels of private financial sponsorship that could be sought in the USA. Yet there was a strong political will to promote science after World War I—the slogan ‘Science as substitute for political power’ was introduced—and in 1920 the “Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft” (NDW) was founded, so that German science flourished in the 1920s despite the political and economic conditions.
The impulse for financing a German solar observatory arose from the spectacular result of the English eclipse expedition in October 1919, which confirmed Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Other attempts to do so having been unsuccessful, the idea was to measure the red shift of spectral lines in the gravitational field of the Sun with a new kind of solar telescope. In fact, this attempt failed too, because the effect on the redshift due to relativity is swamped by other, stronger effects present in the Sun; however, as a consequence of studying all these other effects, the Einstein Tower became the most important solar observatory in the world in the 1920s.
It was renamed in 1933, in the context of the political developments of the Nazi era, becoming the Institute for Solar Physics, but its significance only started to decline as new solar observatories started to be constructed in other countries in the late 1930s. In 1950 Harald von Klüber (1901–1978) succeeded in measuring the general magnetic field of the Sun using photographic methods in the Einstein tower.
Cultural and symbolic dimension - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:24:42
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885-1964), astronomer and architect, gave advice about the instrumentation and Mendelsohn, who was a personal friend of Freundlich’s, was assigned the task of designing the tower. Mendelsohn became fascinated by Einstein’s world of thought and this inspired him to produce novel architectural ideas. He was looking for new architectural forms of expression, which he wanted to achieve with modern materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, and he even designed the office furniture and fixtures. The resulting building, with its gently bulging shapes, is a perfect synthesis between dynamics and functionality and is widely recognised as one of the best examples of explorations in constructivist and expressionist architecture during the 1920s in Central Europe.
As Freundlich himself opined (’Wie es dazu kam, daß ich den Einstein-Turm errichtete‘, Physikalische Blätter 25 (1969), 538-541, p. 541):
The design of the telescope as a tower telescope gave the Einstein Tower its special character and allowed the architect to allocate the building the character of a monument due to the epochal significance of the theory of relativity in the development of physics.
The building design is dynamic, using curved lines and window openings to play around with the verticality of the solar instrument, while the horizontal annexes are softly linked with the surrounding ground surface. It is like a monumental coating—a sort of sculptural/architectural dressing—on the machine. The interior of the tower gives the feeling of a putting the scientific devices ‘on stage’, establishing a deep resonance between modern architecture and cutting-edge science. The Einstein Tower is a remarkable example of osmosis between two very different fields of research—structural design on the one hand and astrophysics on the other. It elegantly expresses human hopes for scientific progress in harmony with the cultural values of society.
Comparative analysis - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:47:13
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
In the 1920s several further solar towers were built, but they mostly had a 30cm aperture; none surpassed the Einstein Tower. The full list is as follows:
Observatory Year Aperture Focal length Solar image Mount Wilson 18m 1907 30cm 18m 5-17cm Mount Wilson 50m 1912 30cm 46m 5-43cm
Utrecht 1922 25cm 13m 7-17cm Potsdam 1922-24 60cm 15m 14-25cm Arcetri 1926 30cm 18m 17cm Pasadena 1926 30cm 5.5m 5-42cm Tokyo 1928 45cm 15m 14-25cm Canberra, Australia 1924-50 30cm 13m 12cm
In terms of architecture, the 19th century and modern period had produced observatories that were neo-classical monuments, frequently repeating the same shape and decorative patterns as civil palaces. The only specific feature of the observatory remained the dome, conceived generally as an associated device for the telescope. In term of design, the dome was frequently a pure hemisphere or something close to it, clearly separated from the vertical walls of annexes. At the Einstein Tower, the dome is completely integrated into the whole structure, and its curves are also present and repeated in the overall shape of the monument.
The Einstein Tower is arguably a rare, and perhaps unique, example of a real creative effort in observatory design, directly related to a new structural style, by a major architect of the time. It brilliantly brings together different sources of creativity and innovation.
Management and use
Present use - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
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Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower is still active as a solar observatory.
State of conservation - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:22:20
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- The tower itself is 20m high. It was constructed between 1920 and 1922, but owing to a lack of modern construction materials after World War I, the tower had to be built with bricks instead of reinforced concrete. As a protection against the wind and heating, a wooden structure was added on the inside of the tower, and this supports the objective lens.
- The instrumentation was installed in 1924. The dome is 4.5 m in diameter and contained the two 85 cm-coelostat mirrors. The lens of 60 cm aperture and 14.50 m focal length produced a solar image 14 cm in diameter. The company Zeiss of Jena was responsible for the instrumentation.
- The cellar contained a room at constant temperature. Here, two high-resolution spectrographs produced solar spectra from red to violet with a length of 12 m. In 1925, a physical-spectrographic laboratory was constructed. This contained a spectral furnace as a comparison light source, an apparatus to produce an electric arc, a photoelectric Registration photometer, an electromagnet and an apparatus for the investigation of the hyperfine structure of emission lines. The instrumentation reached the highest technological standards found anywhere at the time.
History - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
By the beginning of the 20th century, the USA had attained a strong position in the development of astronomy. In Germany, by comparison: there was too much emphasis on classical astronomy instead of modern astrophysics and solar physics; the astronomical instruments in most observatories were not up to date; the climatic conditions and seeing quality were no match for those in California; and there was no possibility of the levels of private financial sponsorship that could be sought in the USA. Yet there was a strong political will to promote science after World War I—the slogan ‘Science as substitute for political power’ was introduced—and in 1920 the “Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft” (NDW) was founded, so that German science flourished in the 1920s despite the political and economic conditions.
The impulse for financing a German solar observatory arose from the spectacular result of the English eclipse expedition in October 1919, which confirmed Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Other attempts to do so having been unsuccessful, the idea was to measure the red shift of spectral lines in the gravitational field of the Sun with a new kind of solar telescope. In fact, this attempt failed too, because the effect on the redshift due to relativity is swamped by other, stronger effects present in the Sun; however, as a consequence of studying all these other effects, the Einstein Tower became the most important solar observatory in the world in the 1920s.
It was renamed in 1933, in the context of the political developments of the Nazi era, becoming the Institute for Solar Physics, but its significance only started to decline as new solar observatories started to be constructed in other countries in the late 1930s. In 1950 Harald von Klüber (1901–1978) succeeded in measuring the general magnetic field of the Sun using photographic methods in the Einstein tower.
Cultural and symbolic dimension - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:24:42
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885-1964), astronomer and architect, gave advice about the instrumentation and Mendelsohn, who was a personal friend of Freundlich’s, was assigned the task of designing the tower. Mendelsohn became fascinated by Einstein’s world of thought and this inspired him to produce novel architectural ideas. He was looking for new architectural forms of expression, which he wanted to achieve with modern materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, and he even designed the office furniture and fixtures. The resulting building, with its gently bulging shapes, is a perfect synthesis between dynamics and functionality and is widely recognised as one of the best examples of explorations in constructivist and expressionist architecture during the 1920s in Central Europe.
As Freundlich himself opined (’Wie es dazu kam, daß ich den Einstein-Turm errichtete‘, Physikalische Blätter 25 (1969), 538-541, p. 541):
The design of the telescope as a tower telescope gave the Einstein Tower its special character and allowed the architect to allocate the building the character of a monument due to the epochal significance of the theory of relativity in the development of physics.
The building design is dynamic, using curved lines and window openings to play around with the verticality of the solar instrument, while the horizontal annexes are softly linked with the surrounding ground surface. It is like a monumental coating—a sort of sculptural/architectural dressing—on the machine. The interior of the tower gives the feeling of a putting the scientific devices ‘on stage’, establishing a deep resonance between modern architecture and cutting-edge science. The Einstein Tower is a remarkable example of osmosis between two very different fields of research—structural design on the one hand and astrophysics on the other. It elegantly expresses human hopes for scientific progress in harmony with the cultural values of society.
Comparative analysis - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:47:13
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
In the 1920s several further solar towers were built, but they mostly had a 30cm aperture; none surpassed the Einstein Tower. The full list is as follows:
Observatory Year Aperture Focal length Solar image Mount Wilson 18m 1907 30cm 18m 5-17cm Mount Wilson 50m 1912 30cm 46m 5-43cm
Utrecht 1922 25cm 13m 7-17cm Potsdam 1922-24 60cm 15m 14-25cm Arcetri 1926 30cm 18m 17cm Pasadena 1926 30cm 5.5m 5-42cm Tokyo 1928 45cm 15m 14-25cm Canberra, Australia 1924-50 30cm 13m 12cm
In terms of architecture, the 19th century and modern period had produced observatories that were neo-classical monuments, frequently repeating the same shape and decorative patterns as civil palaces. The only specific feature of the observatory remained the dome, conceived generally as an associated device for the telescope. In term of design, the dome was frequently a pure hemisphere or something close to it, clearly separated from the vertical walls of annexes. At the Einstein Tower, the dome is completely integrated into the whole structure, and its curves are also present and repeated in the overall shape of the monument.
The Einstein Tower is arguably a rare, and perhaps unique, example of a real creative effort in observatory design, directly related to a new structural style, by a major architect of the time. It brilliantly brings together different sources of creativity and innovation.
Management and use
Present use - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower is still active as a solar observatory.
State of conservation - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
By the beginning of the 20th century, the USA had attained a strong position in the development of astronomy. In Germany, by comparison: there was too much emphasis on classical astronomy instead of modern astrophysics and solar physics; the astronomical instruments in most observatories were not up to date; the climatic conditions and seeing quality were no match for those in California; and there was no possibility of the levels of private financial sponsorship that could be sought in the USA. Yet there was a strong political will to promote science after World War I—the slogan ‘Science as substitute for political power’ was introduced—and in 1920 the “Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft” (NDW) was founded, so that German science flourished in the 1920s despite the political and economic conditions.
The impulse for financing a German solar observatory arose from the spectacular result of the English eclipse expedition in October 1919, which confirmed Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Other attempts to do so having been unsuccessful, the idea was to measure the red shift of spectral lines in the gravitational field of the Sun with a new kind of solar telescope. In fact, this attempt failed too, because the effect on the redshift due to relativity is swamped by other, stronger effects present in the Sun; however, as a consequence of studying all these other effects, the Einstein Tower became the most important solar observatory in the world in the 1920s.
It was renamed in 1933, in the context of the political developments of the Nazi era, becoming the Institute for Solar Physics, but its significance only started to decline as new solar observatories started to be constructed in other countries in the late 1930s. In 1950 Harald von Klüber (1901–1978) succeeded in measuring the general magnetic field of the Sun using photographic methods in the Einstein tower.
Cultural and symbolic dimension - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:24:42
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885-1964), astronomer and architect, gave advice about the instrumentation and Mendelsohn, who was a personal friend of Freundlich’s, was assigned the task of designing the tower. Mendelsohn became fascinated by Einstein’s world of thought and this inspired him to produce novel architectural ideas. He was looking for new architectural forms of expression, which he wanted to achieve with modern materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, and he even designed the office furniture and fixtures. The resulting building, with its gently bulging shapes, is a perfect synthesis between dynamics and functionality and is widely recognised as one of the best examples of explorations in constructivist and expressionist architecture during the 1920s in Central Europe.
As Freundlich himself opined (’Wie es dazu kam, daß ich den Einstein-Turm errichtete‘, Physikalische Blätter 25 (1969), 538-541, p. 541):
The design of the telescope as a tower telescope gave the Einstein Tower its special character and allowed the architect to allocate the building the character of a monument due to the epochal significance of the theory of relativity in the development of physics.
The building design is dynamic, using curved lines and window openings to play around with the verticality of the solar instrument, while the horizontal annexes are softly linked with the surrounding ground surface. It is like a monumental coating—a sort of sculptural/architectural dressing—on the machine. The interior of the tower gives the feeling of a putting the scientific devices ‘on stage’, establishing a deep resonance between modern architecture and cutting-edge science. The Einstein Tower is a remarkable example of osmosis between two very different fields of research—structural design on the one hand and astrophysics on the other. It elegantly expresses human hopes for scientific progress in harmony with the cultural values of society.
Comparative analysis - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:47:13
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
In the 1920s several further solar towers were built, but they mostly had a 30cm aperture; none surpassed the Einstein Tower. The full list is as follows:
Observatory Year Aperture Focal length Solar image Mount Wilson 18m 1907 30cm 18m 5-17cm Mount Wilson 50m 1912 30cm 46m 5-43cm
Utrecht 1922 25cm 13m 7-17cm Potsdam 1922-24 60cm 15m 14-25cm Arcetri 1926 30cm 18m 17cm Pasadena 1926 30cm 5.5m 5-42cm Tokyo 1928 45cm 15m 14-25cm Canberra, Australia 1924-50 30cm 13m 12cm
In terms of architecture, the 19th century and modern period had produced observatories that were neo-classical monuments, frequently repeating the same shape and decorative patterns as civil palaces. The only specific feature of the observatory remained the dome, conceived generally as an associated device for the telescope. In term of design, the dome was frequently a pure hemisphere or something close to it, clearly separated from the vertical walls of annexes. At the Einstein Tower, the dome is completely integrated into the whole structure, and its curves are also present and repeated in the overall shape of the monument.
The Einstein Tower is arguably a rare, and perhaps unique, example of a real creative effort in observatory design, directly related to a new structural style, by a major architect of the time. It brilliantly brings together different sources of creativity and innovation.
Management and use
Present use - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower is still active as a solar observatory.
State of conservation - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
PrintPrint contents of 'Description' tab
(opens in a new window) Theme
Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:24:42
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885-1964), astronomer and architect, gave advice about the instrumentation and Mendelsohn, who was a personal friend of Freundlich’s, was assigned the task of designing the tower. Mendelsohn became fascinated by Einstein’s world of thought and this inspired him to produce novel architectural ideas. He was looking for new architectural forms of expression, which he wanted to achieve with modern materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, and he even designed the office furniture and fixtures. The resulting building, with its gently bulging shapes, is a perfect synthesis between dynamics and functionality and is widely recognised as one of the best examples of explorations in constructivist and expressionist architecture during the 1920s in Central Europe.
As Freundlich himself opined (’Wie es dazu kam, daß ich den Einstein-Turm errichtete‘, Physikalische Blätter 25 (1969), 538-541, p. 541):
The design of the telescope as a tower telescope gave the Einstein Tower its special character and allowed the architect to allocate the building the character of a monument due to the epochal significance of the theory of relativity in the development of physics.
The building design is dynamic, using curved lines and window openings to play around with the verticality of the solar instrument, while the horizontal annexes are softly linked with the surrounding ground surface. It is like a monumental coating—a sort of sculptural/architectural dressing—on the machine. The interior of the tower gives the feeling of a putting the scientific devices ‘on stage’, establishing a deep resonance between modern architecture and cutting-edge science. The Einstein Tower is a remarkable example of osmosis between two very different fields of research—structural design on the one hand and astrophysics on the other. It elegantly expresses human hopes for scientific progress in harmony with the cultural values of society.
Comparative analysis - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 5
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:47:13
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
In the 1920s several further solar towers were built, but they mostly had a 30cm aperture; none surpassed the Einstein Tower. The full list is as follows:
Observatory Year Aperture Focal length Solar image Mount Wilson 18m 1907 30cm 18m 5-17cm Mount Wilson 50m 1912 30cm 46m 5-43cm
Utrecht 1922 25cm 13m 7-17cm Potsdam 1922-24 60cm 15m 14-25cm Arcetri 1926 30cm 18m 17cm Pasadena 1926 30cm 5.5m 5-42cm Tokyo 1928 45cm 15m 14-25cm Canberra, Australia 1924-50 30cm 13m 12cm
In terms of architecture, the 19th century and modern period had produced observatories that were neo-classical monuments, frequently repeating the same shape and decorative patterns as civil palaces. The only specific feature of the observatory remained the dome, conceived generally as an associated device for the telescope. In term of design, the dome was frequently a pure hemisphere or something close to it, clearly separated from the vertical walls of annexes. At the Einstein Tower, the dome is completely integrated into the whole structure, and its curves are also present and repeated in the overall shape of the monument.
The Einstein Tower is arguably a rare, and perhaps unique, example of a real creative effort in observatory design, directly related to a new structural style, by a major architect of the time. It brilliantly brings together different sources of creativity and innovation.
Management and use
Present use - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower is still active as a solar observatory.
State of conservation - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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Date: 2012-05-13 22:47:13
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
In the 1920s several further solar towers were built, but they mostly had a 30cm aperture; none surpassed the Einstein Tower. The full list is as follows:
| Observatory | Year | Aperture | Focal length | Solar image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mount Wilson 18m | 1907 | 30cm | 18m | 5-17cm |
| Mount Wilson 50m | 1912 | 30cm | 46m | 5-43cm |
| | ||||
| Utrecht | 1922 | 25cm | 13m | 7-17cm |
| Potsdam | 1922-24 | 60cm | 15m | 14-25cm |
| Arcetri | 1926 | 30cm | 18m | 17cm |
| Pasadena | 1926 | 30cm | 5.5m | 5-42cm |
| Tokyo | 1928 | 45cm | 15m | 14-25cm |
| Canberra, Australia | 1924-50 | 30cm | 13m | 12cm |
In terms of architecture, the 19th century and modern period had produced observatories that were neo-classical monuments, frequently repeating the same shape and decorative patterns as civil palaces. The only specific feature of the observatory remained the dome, conceived generally as an associated device for the telescope. In term of design, the dome was frequently a pure hemisphere or something close to it, clearly separated from the vertical walls of annexes. At the Einstein Tower, the dome is completely integrated into the whole structure, and its curves are also present and repeated in the overall shape of the monument.
The Einstein Tower is arguably a rare, and perhaps unique, example of a real creative effort in observatory design, directly related to a new structural style, by a major architect of the time. It brilliantly brings together different sources of creativity and innovation.
Management and use
Present use - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower is still active as a solar observatory.
State of conservation - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower is still active as a solar observatory.
State of conservation - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The tower has been restored many times during past decades; a very careful restoration (costing three million euros) was carried out between 1997 and 1999, financed jointly by a private grant and the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
Protection - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The building is under monument protection.
Context and environment - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-05-13 22:48:43
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
The tower is located in the Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein.
Management, interpretation and outreach - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
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- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 1
Status: PUB
Date: 2011-08-22 11:08:01
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte
The Einstein Tower belongs to the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam.
References
Bibliography (books and published articles) - InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
PrintPrint contents of 'Description' tab
(opens in a new window) Theme
Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Case Study Navigation
- InfoTheme: Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century
Entity: 38
Subentity: 1
Version: 2
Status: PUB
Date: 2012-04-30 16:29:28
Author(s): Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Michel Cotte with contributions by Clive Ruggles
- Achenbach, Sigrid (1937). Erich Mendelsohn - 1887-1953. Ideen Bauten Projekte. Berlin: Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbibliothek.
- Huse, Norbert, ed. (2000). Mendelsohn. Der Einsteinturm. Die Geschichte einer Instandsetzung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag (Baudenkmale der Moderne).
- Pehnt, Wolfgang (1981). Die Architektur des Expressionismus (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Hatje.
PrintPrint contents of 'Description' tab
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Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century